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Problem-Solving and Data AnalysisEasyAssociation is not proof of cause

Problem-Solving and Data Analysis practice question

A study found that pupils who eat breakfast tend to score higher on tests than pupils who do not. Which conclusion is justified?

  1. A. Eating breakfast is associated with higher scores, but the study does not prove that breakfast causes them.Correct
  2. B. Breakfast definitely causes higher scores.
  3. C. Skipping breakfast has no effect on anything.
  4. D. Pupils who scored higher should stop eating breakfast.

Answer: A. Eating breakfast is associated with higher scores, but the study does not prove that breakfast causes them.

An observed link is not proof of cause; other differences between the groups could explain it.

Why the other answers are wrong

B. Breakfast definitely causes higher scores.
The study only observed; it did not test cause.
C. Skipping breakfast has no effect on anything.
The study found a link.
D. Pupils who scored higher should stop eating breakfast.
Nothing suggests that.

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