Problem-Solving and Data AnalysisEasyAssociation is not proof of cause
Problem-Solving and Data Analysis practice question
A study found that pupils who eat breakfast tend to score higher on tests than pupils who do not. Which conclusion is justified?
- A. Eating breakfast is associated with higher scores, but the study does not prove that breakfast causes them.Correct
- B. Breakfast definitely causes higher scores.
- C. Skipping breakfast has no effect on anything.
- D. Pupils who scored higher should stop eating breakfast.
Answer: A. Eating breakfast is associated with higher scores, but the study does not prove that breakfast causes them.
An observed link is not proof of cause; other differences between the groups could explain it.
Why the other answers are wrong
- B. Breakfast definitely causes higher scores.
- The study only observed; it did not test cause.
- C. Skipping breakfast has no effect on anything.
- The study found a link.
- D. Pupils who scored higher should stop eating breakfast.
- Nothing suggests that.
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