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Problem-Solving and Data AnalysisHardCoffee and insomnia

Problem-Solving and Data Analysis practice question

A study finds that adults who drink coffee every day report insomnia more often than adults who do not. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this finding?

  1. A. Daily coffee drinking is associated with insomnia, but the study does not show that one causes the other.Correct
  2. B. Drinking coffee every day causes insomnia.
  3. C. Insomnia causes people to drink coffee every day.
  4. D. The study's finding must be an error.

Answer: A. Daily coffee drinking is associated with insomnia, but the study does not show that one causes the other.

An observed association can run either way, or arise from a third factor.

Why the other answers are wrong

B. Drinking coffee every day causes insomnia.
People with insomnia may drink coffee to cope with tiredness.
C. Insomnia causes people to drink coffee every day.
The reverse is equally unproven.
D. The study's finding must be an error.
The finding can be real without proving causation.

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