Problem-Solving and Data AnalysisHardJudging a claim of cause from an observation
Problem-Solving and Data Analysis practice question
A study finds that students who bring a water bottle to exams score higher on average than those who do not. A school concludes that giving every student a water bottle will raise scores. Which of the following best describes a weakness in this conclusion?
- A. Students who bring water bottles may differ in preparation or habits that themselves affect scores, so the bottles may not be the cause.Correct
- B. Water has no effect on the brain.
- C. The study should have measured heights instead.
- D. Exam scores cannot be averaged.
Answer: A. Students who bring water bottles may differ in preparation or habits that themselves affect scores, so the bottles may not be the cause.
An observed association, not a controlled experiment.
Why the other answers are wrong
- B. Water has no effect on the brain.
- Too strong, and not the logical flaw.
- C. The study should have measured heights instead.
- Height is irrelevant.
- D. Exam scores cannot be averaged.
- Averages are routinely taken.
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