Information and IdeasVery hardInference from mixed effects
Information and Ideas practice question
Runners in a marathon were offered free energy gels at the 30-kilometre mark. Average times over the final 12 kilometres improved slightly, but the number of runners dropping out after 30 kilometres also rose. The most reasonable interpretation is that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
- A. the gels helped some runners while upsetting others enough to force them out of the race.Correct
- B. the gels made every runner faster.
- C. the gels had no effect on the runners.
- D. the runners who dropped out had refused the gels.
Answer: A. the gels helped some runners while upsetting others enough to force them out of the race.
Faster finishers on average and more dropouts: two opposite effects on two groups fits both figures.
Why the other answers are wrong
- B. the gels made every runner faster.
- More dropouts contradicts 'every runner faster'.
- C. the gels had no effect on the runners.
- Both times and dropouts changed.
- D. the runners who dropped out had refused the gels.
- Nothing in the text says who took the gels; the rise in dropouts after the gel point suggests the opposite.
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