16Hit1600
Standard English ConventionsHardPast perfect for the earlier of two past events

Standard English Conventions practice question

By the time the fire engine arrived, the neighbours ____ the blaze with garden hoses.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. A. had put outCorrect
  2. B. put out
  3. C. have put out
  4. D. putting out

Answer: A. had put out

Two past events: the neighbours put out the fire, and THEN the engine arrived. 'By the time' marks the order, and the earlier event takes the past perfect: 'had put out'.

Why the other answers are wrong

B. put out
Simple past leaves the order of the two events unclear; 'by the time' calls for the earlier one to be marked.
C. have put out
'have put out' connects to the present, but the whole scene is in the past ('arrived').
D. putting out
'putting out' isn't a complete verb.

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