16Hit1600
Standard English ConventionsMediumPast perfect for an earlier past action

Standard English Conventions practice question

By the time the first guests arrived, the host ____ the table and lit the candles.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. A. had setCorrect
  2. B. has set
  3. C. was setting
  4. D. set

Answer: A. had set

Two past events are in sequence: the host finished setting the table BEFORE the guests arrived. 'By the time' signals that order, and the earlier of two past actions takes the past perfect: 'had set'.

Why the other answers are wrong

B. has set
'has set' is the present perfect, which connects to now. The sentence is entirely in the past, anchored by 'arrived'.
C. was setting
'was setting' means the setting was still in progress when the guests arrived — but 'by the time' says it was already done.
D. set
'set' is simple past, which leaves the two past events unordered. 'By the time' asks for the one that happened first to be marked as earlier.

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