16Hit1600
Standard English ConventionsVery hardPast perfect for the earlier of two past events in a complex sentence

Standard English Conventions practice question

By the time the county engineer arrived, the villagers ____ the bridge with sandbags and moved the livestock to higher ground.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. A. had already shored upCorrect
  2. B. have already shored up
  3. C. already shore up
  4. D. were already shoring up

Answer: A. had already shored up

The shoring was complete before the arrival, itself a past event: past perfect, matching 'moved'.

Why the other answers are wrong

B. have already shored up
Present perfect clashes with the past-tense 'arrived'.
C. already shore up
Present tense clashes with 'arrived'.
D. were already shoring up
Progressive suggests the work was still going on, but 'moved' shows it was finished.

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